In response to a stimulus, such as an odorant molecule, membrane potential changes, and an action potential is generated along the membrane as the voltage-gated Na + and K + channels open sequentially, causing the membrane to depolarize. It is also important to recall that ions cannot diffuse across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and must use transport proteins in this case, the transport proteins are voltage-gated Na + and K + channels.Īt rest, the Na +/K + pump, powered by ATP, maintains this gradient, known as resting membrane potential. The neuron, however, uses Na + and K + to establish a gradient. We explored the formation of electrochemical gradients using H + when we studied photosynthesis and cellular respiration. When an axon is at rest, the membrane is said to be polarized that is, there is an electrochemical gradient across it, with the inside of the membrane being more negatively charged than the outside. Action potentials propagate impulses along neurons. Like other eukaryotic cells, neurons consist of a cell membrane, nucleus, and organelles, including mitochondria. Information flow along a neuron is usually from dendrite to axon and from neuron to neuron or from neuron to a cell of a target organ. The neuron is a great example of a structure-function relationship at the cellular level. What is long-term potentiation and long-term depression, and how do both relate to transmission of impulses across synapses?.What are the similarities and differences between chemical and electrical synapses?.What are the stages of an action potential, and how are action potentials propagated?.What is the basis of the resting membrane potential?.In this section, you will explore the following questions:
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